a genomic catalog of earth's microbiomes

Unusual biology across a group comprising more than 15% of domain bacteria. I recall a year before I started graduate school at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, two landmark publications 1,2 came out describing a new approach for . T.N., E.K. 4, 18951906 (2019). 3a, Supplementary Table 8 and Methods). Genome Res. Wu, D., Jospin, G. & Eisen, J. Nat. Ecology 20%. The reconstruction of 2,631 draft metagenome-assembled genomes from the global oceans. (Fig.2e).2e). Epub 2020 Nov 9. Pasolli E, et al. & Gudys, A. FAMSA: fast and accurate multiple sequence alignment of huge protein families. The next four strip charts indicate the environmental distribution of the orders; the last plot indicates the number of MAGs from the GEM catalog recovered from each order. These genomes represent 12,556 novel candidate species-level operational taxonomic units (OTUs), representing a resource that captures a broad phylogenetic and functional diversity of uncultivated bacteria and archaea. 2021-04-01; 39.4: 499-509. This resource of 52,515 medium- and high-quality MAGs represents the largest effort to date to capture the breadth of bacterial and archaeal genomic diversity across Earths biomes. 3). A major lineage of non-tailed dsDNA viruses as unrecognized killers of marine bacteria. To obtain Taxonomic annotations of contigs were obtained based on protein-level alignments against the IMG/M database (downloaded 07 December 2017) using the Last aligner (v876)66 and taking the lowest common ancestor of taxonomically classified genes. Wang Y, et al. Consistent with this result, metagenomes with the highest k-mer diversity24 tended to have the lowest mapping rates (Spearmans r=0.68; P value=0). These genomes form the GEM catalog. Price, M. N., Dehal, P. S. & Arkin, A. P. FastTree 2approximately maximum-likelihood trees for large alignments. Cell 176, 649662 (2019). Catalogs Medicine . & Salzberg, S. L. Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2. Source: University of Maryland School of Medicine. IMG/VR viruses were connected to consistent host taxa (95% of linkages per virus to the same host family), and >96% of connected viruses and GEMs were derived from a similar environment based on the top level of the GOLD57 environmental ontology. Epub 2022 May 2. b, Overlap of OTUs between genome sets. Results. This global catalog of MAGs contains representatives from all of Earths continents and oceans with particularly strong representation of samples from North America, Europe and the Pacific Ocean (Fig. Contigs that were <1.5 times the length of the IMG/VR genome were considered a full viral sequence and were discarded due to a lack of host information and the potential for inaccurate binning (that is, binning based on the virus genome characteristics rather than the host). In the version of this article initially published, four people were missing from the alphabetical list of IMG/M Data Consortium members: Lauren V. Alteio of the Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Jeffrey L. Blanchard of the Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA; Kristen M. DeAngelis of the Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA; and William Rodriguez-Reillo of the Research Computing Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. 2021 Apr;39(4):520. doi: 10.1038/s41587-020-00769-4. Deorowicz S, Debudaj-Grabysz A, Gudys A. FAMSA: fast and accurate multiple sequence alignment of huge protein families. Herrmann, J., Fayad, A. Nat. BiosyntheticSPAdes: reconstructing biosynthetic gene clusters from assembly graphs. Nature biotechnology. Commun. The 52,515 MAGs from the GEM dataset were clustered into 18,028 species-level OTUs on the basis of 95% genome-wide ANI (Supplementary Tables 2 and 5). Capella-Gutierrez, S., Silla-Martinez, J. M. & Gabaldon, T. trimAl: a tool for automated alignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetic analyses. Studies by Wu et al. Nat. Additionally, we discarded poor alignments where the edit distance exceeded 5 per 100-bp reads (that is, <95% identity). 7, e1002195 (2011). After alignment, we discarded low-quality reads with an average base quality score of <30, read length of <70bp or any ambiguous base calls. All nodes with >50% support are displayed as multifurcation, and nodes with >80% support are highlighted with a black dot. Genome 23%. Up to 500,000 reads from each metagenome were aligned to a database containing 52,515 GEMs and another database containing 151,730 genomes from NCBI RefSeq (release 93)71. To obtain Taxonomically defined reference genomes are commonly used to infer the abundance of microorganisms from metagenomes but fail to recruit the majority of sequencing reads outside the human microbiome21. Unusual biology across a group comprising more than 15% of domain bacteria. We used a 30% AF threshold, as opposed to a previous study that recommends using 60% AF (ref. Briefly, the tree was rooted between the bacteria and archaea, and a subclade was extracted for each domain. Nonpareil 3: fast estimation of metagenomic coverage and sequence diversity. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Author Correction: A genomic catalog of Earth's microbiomes (Nature Biotechnology, (2021), 39, 4, (499-509), 10.1038/s41587-020-0718-6) IMG/M Data Consortium. These communities likely contain closely related organisms, which pose a major problem for metagenomic assembly and binning25. See Supplementary Table 2 for quality statistics for all MAGs. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate three slides at a time, or the slide dot buttons at the end to jump three slides at a time. Genome size and GC content was lowest in host-associated microbiomes (median: 2.61Mb; 46.9%) and highest in terrestrial microbiomes (median: 3.77Mb; 57.1%), which is consistent with pangenome expansion in soil environments20. These genomes form the GEM catalog. Bacterial Genomes 23%. a, MAGs from the current study were compared to 524,046 publicly available reference genomes found in IMG/M and NCBI. This approach provided an additional 10,410 viruses linked to 7,805 GEMs. 2, 15331542 (2017). Correction to: Nature Biotechnology https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-020-0718-6, published online 9 November 2020. A genomic catalog of Earth's microbiomes. Bookshelf Using a threshold of 75% identity over 80% of the query length, we identified 87,187 (83%) as putatively novel BGCs that encoded new chemistry (Supplementary Table 16). b, The single largest BGC region, found in a soil-derived bacterium from the Acidobacteria phylum and UBA5704 genus. Nearly 70% of all PCs were not functionally annotated by any of the three databases, and 47% had no significant similarity to UniRef (https://www.uniprot.org), a large and regularly updated protein resource. Stewart, R. D. et al. Status of the archaeal and bacterial census: an update. The Microbial Dark Matter (MDM) Phase II study, an extension of the GEBA-MDM project12, contributed the most novelty with 790 new OTUs derived from 1,124 MAGs found in 80 metagenomes. 1d and Supplementary Fig. A genomic catalog of Earth's microbiomes. The pipeline used to generate the metagenome bins is available at https://bitbucket.org/berkeleylab/metabat/src/master/. IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. BGC types are highly variable across phyla but relatively stable across habitats. 3). With that said, MAGs from the GEM catalog, like other MAGs generated to date, have several limitations for users to be aware of, including undetected contamination, low contiguity and incompleteness. This was particularly noticeable for soil communities (for example, >95% of reads were unmapped to any genome in 55% of samples), which are highly complex and challenging to assemble22,23. First, we assigned 364,602 reference genomes to one of the 5,472 reference OTUs from the GEM dataset based on >95% ANI over >30% of the genome. OTUs were clustered into monophyletic groups with bootstrap support values of >0.7 on the basis of their RED. Thus, continued efforts to capture the genomes of new species- and strain-level representatives will further improve metagenomic resolution. Tackling soil diversity with the assembly of large, complex metagenomes. 113 and References. 9, 4999 (2018). Comparatively, for a catalog of 270 million genes from 76,000 reference bacterial and archaeal genomes available through IMG/M42, these percentages are approximately 70%, 50% and 20%, respectively. Mash: fast genome and metagenome distance estimation using MinHash. However, these clades were supported by only 29 GEMs, which were largely assigned to known phyla by the tool GTDB-Tk (28/29). performed large-scale assembly and binning of all environmental metagenomes available in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive in an unprecedented effort to expand genomic representation of uncultivated lineages10,30. performed metagenomic assembly and binning. The GEM catalog considerably expands the known phylogenetic diversity of bacteria and archaea, increases recruitment of metagenomic sequencing reads, contains a wealth of biosynthetic potential and improves host assignments for uncultivated viruses. This resulted in identification of 567,316 CRISPR spacers longer than 25bp in 23,851 arrays in 13,540 MAGs. More recently, mining of metagenomic data from soil has expanded representation to members of the phyla Acidobacteria, Verrucomicobia, Gemmatimonadetes and the candidate phylum Rokubacteria50. 14, 12471259 (2020). 3, 328336 (2018). BILD 2. Using a combination of the two approaches, we predicted connections between 81,449 IMG/VR viruses and 23,082 GEMs (Fig. To provide taxonomic context, we analyzed an additional 151 newly sampled archaeal sequences. Ondov, B. D. et al. PMC Bulk download for the 52,515 MAGs is available at https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/GEMs and https://portal.nersc.gov/GEM. Kang DD, et al. Kautsar, S. A. et al. Using a threshold of 75% identity over 80% of the query length, we identified 87,187 (83%) as putatively novel BGCs that encoded new chemistry (Supplementary Table 16). 4b). 11, 17 (2016). Wu D, Jospin G, Eisen JA. MetaBAT, an efficient tool for accurately reconstructing single genomes from complex microbial communities. d, A large proportion of the 12,556 newly identified species were represented by only a single genome. To demonstrate the value of this resource, we used the GEM catalog to perform metagenomic read recruitment across Earths biomes, identify novel biosynthetic capacity, perform metabolic modeling and predict hostvirus linkages. 2020 Apr;476(2236):20190458. doi: 10.1098/rspa.2019.0458. Here we applied this approach to >10,000 metagenomes collected from diverse habitats covering all of Earth's continents and oceans, including metagenomes from human and animal hosts, engineered environments, and . Bioinformatics 25, 19721973 (2009). We first used Mash (v2.0)75 with a sketch size of 10,000 to find the most similar reference genome to each of the 18,028 OTUs; and second, we used MUMmer (v4.0.0) with default parameters to estimate ANI between genome pairs. Systematic identification of gene families for use as markers for phylogenetic and phylogeny-driven ecological studies of bacteria and archaea and their major subgroups. Multiple sequence alignments of the centroids were created for each marker gene using FAMSA (v1.2.5) with default parameters78. Proc. We used a 30% AF threshold, as opposed to a previous study that recommends using 60% AF (ref. Woodcroft, Ben J.; Singleton, Caitlin M.; Boyd, Joel A. Nguyen, Lam-Tung; Schmidt, Heiko A.; von Haeseler, Arndt, Ondov, Brian D.; Treangen, Todd J.; Melsted, Pll, Kalvari, Ioanna; Argasinska, Joanna; Quinones-Olvera, Natalia. New insights from uncultivated genomes of the global human gut microbiome. 106, Issue 45, Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. Assembly of 913 microbial genomes from metagenomic sequencing of the cow rumen. Dive into the research topics of 'Publisher Correction: A genomic catalog of Earth's microbiomes (Nature Biotechnology, (2021), 39, 4, (499-509), 10.1038/s41587-020-0718-6)'. Kautsar, S. A. et al. Genomes from the current study represent over three times more diversity compared to any previously published study. KBase: The United States Department of Energy Systems Biology Knowledgebase. Tully, B. J., Graham, E. D. & Heidelberg, J. F. The reconstruction of 2,631 draft metagenome-assembled genomes from the global oceans. This comprehensive catalog includes 52,515 metagenome-assembled genomes representing 12,556 novel candidate species-level operational taxonomic units spanning 135 phyla. All MAGs were 50% complete, were 5% contaminated and had a quality score (completeness5contamination) of 50. 8 and 9, Supplementary Table 14 and Supplementary Note). Based on these results, we found that 9,143 of the 52,515 MAGs were classified as high quality based on the MIMAG standard (90% completeness, 5% contamination, 18/20 tRNA genes and presence of 5S, 16S and 23S rRNA genes), with the remaining classified as medium quality. CheckM: assessing the quality of microbial genomes recovered from isolates, single cells and metagenomes. Vast regions of the tree are represented only by uncultivated genomes. The reconstruction of bacterial and archaeal genomes from shotgun metagenomes has enabled insights into the ecology and evolution of environmental and host-associated microbiomes. The next four strip charts indicate the environmental distribution of the orders; the last plot indicates the number of MAGs from the GEM catalog recovered from each order. Large-scale genomic inventories provide critical resources to the broader research community3436. For comparison, this represents an increase of BGCs in IMG/ABC (Atlas of BGCs)52 by 31% and is 54 times the size of the manually curated MIBiG dataset49. Poyet M, et al. Although several Acidobacteria are known to contain PKS and NRPS clusters, this MAG contains an additional 66 BGC regions, indicating a level of biosynthetic potential that may have been underestimated within this phylum. Although these MAGs are important placeholders for many new candidate species, we expect many will be replaced in the future by higher quality MAGs or ultimately by genome sequences from clonal isolates. Commun. BGC types are highly variable across phyla but relatively stable across habitats. BLAST+: architecture and applications. We assigned the class of secondary metabolites synthesized by each BGC across the GEM catalog (Fig. Rank-specific RED cutoffs were identified to maximize similarity to the GTDB taxonomy for OTUs from known clades, where similarity was measured using the adjusted mutual information statistic calculated by the scikit-learn package in Python (v0.21.3)81 (Supplementary Fig. Atmospheric trace gases support primary production in Antarctic desert surface soil. and transmitted securely. However, these clades were supported by only 29 GEMs, which were largely assigned to known phyla by the tool GTDB-Tk (28/29). This resource underscores the value of genome-centric approaches for revealing genomic properties of uncultivated microorganisms that affect ecosystem processes. First, we found that GEMs recapitulated recent observations of an expanded purview of methanogenesis (Supplementary Fig. The full alignment contained 4,689 amino acid positions, with each OTU containing data for at least 30% of positions. For inoviruses, the gene-content-based classification previously outlined was used by mapping GEM inovirus sequences to the recently described inovirus genome catalog85 using the MUMmer4 function73 with cutoffs of 95% ANI and 70% AF. Ji, M. et al. This strain variation was supported by ultrastructural and metagenomic analyses of the archaeal biofilms, which included intergenic spacer region sequencing of the rRNA gene operon. For DJR and Microviridae, phylogenies were built as follows: a multiple alignment was computed with MAFFT (v7.407)86 using the einsi mode; the alignment was automatically trimmed with trimAl (v1.4.rev15) using the gappyout option79; and the tree was built with IQ-TREE (v1.5.5)87 with 1,000 ultrafast bootstraps and automatic selection of the evolutionary model. Sci. DE-AC0205CH11231). The site is secure. Present address: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA, DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA, Stephen Nayfach,Simon Roux,Rekha Seshadri,Daniel Udwary,Neha Varghese,Frederik Schulz,Dongying Wu,David Paez-Espino,I-Min Chen,Marcel Huntemann,Krishna Palaniappan,Joshua Ladau,Supratim Mukherjee,T. B. K. Reddy,Torben Nielsen,Edward Kirton,Sean P. Jungbluth,Susannah G. Tringe,Axel Visel,Tanja Woyke,Nigel J. Mouncey,Natalia N. Ivanova,Nikos C. Kyrpides&Emiley A. Eloe-Fadrosh, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA, Jos P. Faria,Janaka N. Edirisinghe&Christopher S. Henry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA, Dylan Chivian,Paramvir Dehal,Elisha M. Wood-Charlson,Adam P. Arkin,Gary Andersen,Harry R. Beller,Cheryl A. Kerfeld,Trent Northen&Marc W. Van Goethem, Travessa Alexandre da Conceicao, ALGAplus, Ilhavo, Portugal, Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, Eric Allen,Lena Gerwick&Alvaro M. Plominsky, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Michelle A. Allen,Ricardo Cavicchioli&Timothy J. Williams, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark, Rumen Microbiology, Animal Science, AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, USA, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, UK, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, Jake Bailey,Beverly Flood&Barbara MacGregor, Department of Marine Science, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, USA, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha 4, Czech Republic, Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA, Department of Chemical Engineering & eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, Department of Biology, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA, Life and Environmental Sciences and Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA, Timothy D. Berry,Thea Whitman&Jamie Woolet, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA, Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA, Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA, Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA, Mikayla A. Borton,Rebecca Daly,Michael Wilkins&Kelly Wrighton, School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK, Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany, Deptartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA, Division of Natural Sciences, Maryville College, Maryville, TN, USA, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA, Ashley N. Campbell,Jeff Kimbrel&Jennifer Pett-Ridge, Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA, Biology Department, Hartwick College, Oneonta, NY, USA, Akvaplan-niva, FramHigh North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Troms, Norway, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand, Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, Biology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Sant Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec, Canada, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA, Environmental Microbiology Department, Instituto Antartico Argentino and Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Sean Crowe,Connor Morgan-Lang&Rachel Simister, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA, Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA, Cameron Currie,Anthony P. Neumann&Garret Suen, Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Laboratorio de Microbiologa Ambiental, Centro para el Estudio de los Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR, CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Argentina, California State University, San Bernadino, San Bernardino, CA, USA, Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, AB Den Burg, the Netherlands, Department of Bacteriology, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Vxj, Sweden, Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA, Katherine A. Dynarski&Jorge L. Mazza Rodrigues, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA, Departments of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry and Cell and Systems BIology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA, Department of Biology, Widener University, Chester, PA, USA, Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, Departments of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, Human Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA, Department of Biomass Science and Conversion Technology, Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA, Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA, Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia Griffin Campus, Griffin, GA, USA, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thermal Biology Institute, and Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, Bela Hausmann,Alexander Loy,Jay Osvatic&Petra Pjevac, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA, School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA, Research Center for Limnology (LIPI), Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Division of Inland Waterways Dynamics, Cibinong-Bogor, Indonesia, Center for Coastal Margin Observation & Prediction (CMOP), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA, Biotechnological Management of Resources Network, Institute of Ecology, Xalapa, Mexico, Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA, Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, NC, USA, Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA, Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA, Robert Kelly,Laura L. Lee&Andrew J. Loder, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, USA, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, Laboratorio de Microbiologa Ambiental, Instituto de Biologa de Organismos Marinos, Puerto Madryn, Argentina, Geological Institute, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zrich, Zrich, Switzerland, Departamento de Bioqumica, Instituto de Qumica, Universidade de So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil, Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA, Commonwealth and Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA, Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA, Microbial Systems Ecology, Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, Department of Plants, Soils and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, Department of Plant Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Microbial Resources Division, Research Center for Chemistry, Biology and Agriculture, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Valeria Maia de Oliveira&Isabel Natalia Sierra-Garcia, Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA, Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA, Department of Microorganisms, Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, Genomic and Applied Microbiology & Gttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University of Gttingen, Gttingen, Germany, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, s, Norway, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA, Department of Biology, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM, USA, Microbiology Department, and Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA, Australian Centre for Ecogenomics/School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, Research Computing Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA, Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, Faculty of Technology and Centrum for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Life Sciences Institute, Deparment of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia, Department of Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Sdertrn University, Huddinge Municipality, Huddinge, Sweden, Department of Biology, Kenyon College, Gambier, OH, USA, Genomics for Climate Change Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, USA, Departments of Microbiology and Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA, National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Frederick, MD, USA, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA, Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, School of Marine & Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA, Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany, Department of Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa, Deptartment of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, Centre for Marine Science and Innovation & School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, Departamento de Oceanografa & Instituto Milenio de Ocenografa, Universidad de Concepcin, Bio Bio, Chile, Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, USA, IBG-5, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt Mnchen, Munich, Germany, Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, School of Veterinary Medicine, Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA, KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Stanford, CA, USA, Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, You can also search for this author in
Hamlet Act 1, Scene 5 Line By Line Analysis, Standard Electrode Potential Formula, Heinz Reduced Sugar Ketchup, Olumiant Patient Assistance Program, Cleveland Terminal Tower Train Station, American Safety Council Food Handlers Login,