Organosolv pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enzymatic hydrolysis. 3. Committee on Biobased Industrial Products. Following this, 69% and 38% of the initial cellulose and hemicelluloses were converted into glucose, xylose and arabinose, respectively [21]. Thermo-mechanical extrusion has been used for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment, resulting in a higher efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis. [52] performed the alkaline twin screw extrusion pretreatment of corn stover for fermentable sugar production with a biomass/liquid ratio of 1/2 (wt) at a temperature of 99 C. Evaluation of hydrotropic pretreatment on lignocellulosic biomass. s13068-021-01949-3 - Read online for free. Changes in the biodegradability of ryegrass and legume fibres by chemical and biological pretreatments. The results showed the surface area of cellulose was increased and the glucose yield from the fibrillated products by enzymatic hydrolysis was 54.2%, much lower than the extrusion process with chemicals [44]. Among different alkali employed on lignocellulosic biomass, such as sodium, potassium, calcium and ammonium hydroxides, Morrison [36,37] reports that sodium hydroxide is the most known alkali in lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment and can cleave ester linkages and solubilise some hemicelluloses and lignin. 7) 1. 2011. Zheng et al. However, in the current literature, various pretreatment approaches have been applied for the same kinds of biomass. <> Among the developed pretreatment approaches, alkali-based pretreatment technology, which can utilize the equipment and chemical recovery system in the pulping industry, has been considered one of the most promising pretreatment methods, mainly because of its high efficiency in delignification and high final total sugar yields. In this review, the leading alkaline pretreatment technologies are described and their features and comparative performances are discussed from a process viewpoint. Recent research has shown inclination towards the uses of AHP in biomass pretreatments due to its excellent delignification effect in lignocellulosic biomass while retaining carbohydrates that are highly susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation [ 38 ]. (1) a pretreatment method of lignocellulosic biomass to be carried out before it is migrated to the cooking process, the pretreatment reaction lignocellulosic as the moisture content is greater than or equal to the water content of the lignocellulosic biomass in a step of adding a catalyst solution biomass, after the catalyst solution addition 2022 Jan;344(Pt B):126195. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126195. 2020 Mar;300:122724. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122724. Alvira P., Toms-Pej E., Ballesteros M., Negro M.J. Pretreatment technologies for an efficient bioethanol production process based on enzymatic hydrolysis: A review. Jrgensen H., Kristensen J.B., Felby C. Enzymatic conversion of lignocellulose into fermentable sugars: Challenges and opportunities. The lignin rendered soluble by lignocellulosic biorefinery pretreatment remains insufficiently understood along the lines of molecular properties and chemical composition. LGE: Liter of gasoline equivalent; PV: Ethanol production cost, including a 10% return on investment. 7) The produced glucose levels were five times higher than those obtained by HCW treatment alone. In the dilute-acid pretreatment, concentrated sulfuric acid was diluted to 1.1% and the pretreatment reactor operated at 12.1 atm pressure and 190 C. The conversion from cellulose to glucose was increased by 69.5%, 128.4% and 132.2% for dilute acid, alkali and extrusion pretreatments, respectively. Karunanithy C., Muthukumarappan K. Optimization of switchgrass and extruder parameters for enzymatic hydrolysis using response surface methodology. The authors would like to thank the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada for their financial support of this project. It basically consists of three fractions,. This comparative study mainly focused on the pretreatment ability of four ILs having . ox__ Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Kadam K.L., Chin C.Y., Brown L.W. Sidiras D, Politi D, Giakoumakis G, Salapa I. Bioresour Technol.
sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal A consolidated review of commercial-scale high-value products from lignocellulosic biomass. and transmitted securely. Later the same application was performed using a continuous pilot-scale biomass fractionation extrusion process on corn stover. Ground Prairie Cordgrass was extruded in a single screw extruder under the optimized conditions (90 C barrel temperature, 65 rpm screw speed, 20% moisture content, 8 mm particle size). Screw design strongly influences work done on the material and amount of shear force generated during extrusion processes such as compression ratio, screw speed and barrel temperature. Medical Device and Diagnostic Industry Magazine, MDDI Article Index. The highest values of 28.2%, 66.2% and 49.2% of combined sugar yield were obtained for switchgrass, big bluestem, prairie cord grass at screw speeds of 200, 200, and 150 rpm and at barrel temperatures of 75, 150, and 100 C, respectively, when the ratio of cellulase and -glucosidase was 1:4. Kinetic characterization for dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis of timber varieties and switchgrass. The It is well known that the alkali pretreatment causes swelling of biomass which produces internal pores with high volume. Karunanithy C., Muthukumarappan K. Influence of extruder temperature and screw speed on pretreatment of corn stover while varying enzymes and their ratios. In the Mix: Continuous Compounding Using Twin-Screw Extruders. Generally, oxidative pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass by Fenton oxidation could be affected by the following factors: pH, temperature, types of iron salt, and H 2 O 2 concentration (Gan et al., 2018, Jeong and Lee, 2016). 2015 Mar 6;117:624-631. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.10.012. The plant is based on the steam explosion and hot water pretreatments from local wheat straw, rice straw and Arundo donax. Biobased Industrial Products: Priorities for Research and Commercialization. Common pretreatments for lignocellulosic biomass are: extrusion, alkali, organosolv, ammonia fiber explosion, and dilute acid [ 19, 20, 21 ]. OSullivan A.C. Cellulose: The structure slowly unravels. An acid-resistant stainless alloy, AL6XN, was used for extruder screws and barrel fabrication. eCollection 2022. [65] carried out a quantitative data analysis of different pretreatment technologies for the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic materials, including dilute acid, 2-stage dilute-acid, hot water, and ammonia fibre explosion (AFEX). In addition, the cost and efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation will be affected by pretreatment since it is the first major unit operation in the process of bioconversion. Epub 2016 Mar 14. The hydrolysis of LCB results in the release of various reducing sugars which are highly valued in the production of biofuels such as bioethanol and biogas, various organic acids, phenols, and aldehydes. The native form of lignocellulosic biomass is resistant to enzymatic breakdown. It basically consists of three fractions, cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, which confer a recalcitrant structure. Alkali or dilute acid pretreatment of biomass requires a high temperature (> 150 C) to remove xylan (hemicellulosic sugar) and lignin partially. The analysis in terms of pretreatment cost on total capital, installed equipment investment and the ethanol annual capacity, yield and product value are given in Table 2. To this end, a number of different types of pretreatment technologies have been developed with a common goal of making biomass more susceptible to enzymatic saccharification. The conventional homogeneous Fenton reactions usually take place in acidic solutions of pH 2-4 (Wang and Tang, 2021). The twin screw extrusion process also can be combined with the hot water extraction process at a bench scale to prepare monomeric xylose hydrolysate. [55] evaluated extrusion processes after hot-compressed water (HCW) treatment of Douglas fir and Eucalyptus. Therefore, the co-rotating, fully-intermeshing twin screw extruder is a dominant application for biomass processing [59]. Similarly, alkali pretreatments have been reported as simple processes for the delignification of biomass under mild conditions with minimal sugar degradation and without the formation of inhibitory compounds [ 12 ]. Alkali-assisted PAA pretreatment has been employed to treat sugarcane bagasse for enzymatic digestion, for the production of ethanol by simultaneous saccharification fermentation (SSF), and for the further conversion of xylose to 2,3-butanediol. Zheng J., Choo K., Bradt C., Lehoux R., Rehmann L. Enzymatic hydrolysis of steam exploded corncob residues after pretreatment in a twin-screw extruder. Alkaline pretreatment involves the use of bases, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and ammonium hydroxide, for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. 93 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S>>
They recovered 41.4%, 62.2% and 47.4%, of glucose, xylose, and combined sugar recoveries, respectively, at a barrel temperature of 176 C, a screw speed of 155 rpm, moisture content of 20% wb with particle size of 8 mm. Aden A., Ruth M., Ibsen K., Jechura J., Neeves K., Sheehan J., Wallace B., Montague L., Slayton A., Lukas J. Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol Process Design and Economics Utilizing Co-Current Dilute Acid Prehydrolysis and Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Corn Stover. These results were 2.0, 1.7, and 2.0 times higher than the control sample. The use of an alkali causes the degradation of ester and glycosidic side chains resulting in structural alteration of lignin, cellulose swelling, partial decrystallization of cellulose . In the dilute acid hydrolysis, the biomass was run through in three reactor trains consisting of a presteamer, blow tank, and reactor, and the solids coming from the reactor were separated from the slurry using a pressure filter for enzymatic saccharification [66]. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the An official website of the United States government. PMC legacy view This analysis was based on a short-term commercial viability of biochemical ethanol production and each pretreatment process was embedded in a full facility model. stream
Chen W.H., Xu Y.Y., Hwang W.S., Wang J.B. Pretreatment of rice straw using an extrusion/extraction process at bench-scale for producing cellulosic ethanol. The screw extruder is a well known technology in the production, compounding, and processing of plastics; it also can be used in food processing industries, such as pet food, cereals and bread. It basically consists of three fractions, cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, which confer a recalcitrant structure. An economic, feasible assessment of the extrusion pretreatment methods should be evaluated in order to design an industrial bio-ethanol production plant. To find the optimum pretreatments for biomaterials containing various l Bookshelf Lignocellulosic biomass can be converted into fermentable sugars for fermentative ethanol production. MeSH 8600 Rockville Pike %
. Gautam A., Choudhury G.S. [43] report that 94.8% and 69.2% cellulose to glucose conversion was achieved utilizing extrusion and dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatments, respectively. Pretreatments for delignification are required for the enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomasses. The overall process was employed to produce a pure cellulose stream and low-molecular weight lignin [54]. Ultimately, no commercial cellulosic ethanol plant has been built to date using extrusion pretreatment. As a result, 53.7 million gal/year of ethanol was produced from the extrusion process, which was around 23.4% more ethanol than that produced from the acid hydrolysis process at 43.5 million gal/year; this is due to the higher glucose conversion efficiency from the extrusion pretreatment process. Douglas fir and Eucalyptus were pretreated under temperature ranging from 140 to 180 C at a pressure of 1 MPa. Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most abundant organic resources worldwide and is a promising source of renewable energy and bioproducts. The water insoluble residue was then subjected to a twin-screw extruder at room temperature with a screw speed of 45120 rpm. government site. Open navigation menu After pretreatment, much of the biomass becomes easily digestible while a considerable amount remains recalcitrant. Big bluestem was soaked in different alkali concentrations at room temperature for 30 min and then extruded while varying barrel temperatures (45225 C) and screw speeds (20200 rpm) and particle size of big bluestem (210 mm). Epub 2020 Jan 2. Alkaline reagents interact primarily with lignin; therefore, they are more efficient for lignin removal. My research activities include: Lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment using natural deep eutectic solvents, enzymatic hydrolysis and cellulosic ethanol production at laboratory and pilot-scale. 2022 Jul 19;10:946085. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.946085. Copyright 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Karunanithy V., Muthukumarappan K. Optimizing extrusion pretreatment and big bluestem parameters for enzymatic hydrolysis to produce biofuel using response surface methodology. . The main composition of lignocellulosic biomass is cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. Alkali or dilute acid pretreatment of biomass. However, this bioconversion is further complicated due to recalcitrance caused by the association of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin in the biomass [8]. 2013-03-09T12:51:12Z The pretreatment of castor residues is conducted with 8% w/v NaOH (100 C, 60 min, 22% solid loading). National Library of Medicine In this paper, various alkaline pretreatment technologies are reviewed. [62] conducted a thermo-mechanical pretreatment process on soybean hulls and compared with two traditional pretreatment methods, dilute acid and alkali hydrolysis. The best combinations of screw speed and barrel temperature were 7 Hz/150 C and 3.7 Hz/110 C leading to higher sugar yields. Few companies have started to test cellulosic ethanol plants on a demonstration scale using some pretreatment methods, such as steam explosion, liquid hot water and dilute acid hydrolysis (Table 4) [67]. Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Alkaline pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials causes swelling, leading to decreased crystallinity, increased internal surface area, disruption of the lignin structure, and separation of structural linkages between lignin and carbohydrates10,11. Subsequent solid liquid separation in a twin-screw extruder resulted in the removal of 80% xylose along with other inhibitors such as soluble lignin (100 rpm screw speed, 100 C barrel temperature, mass flow rate of 4 kg/h). A large number of pretreatment methods have been proposed generally on a wide variety of lignocellulosic biomasses for bioethanol production since different feedstocks have different physical-chemical characteristics. Similarly, Brudecki et al. Bioresour Technol. Another interesting alternative raw material for the second generation production of ethanol is from lignocellulosic biomass, which offers large-scale availability with low cost, limited conflict with food crops and lower fossil fuel inputs [3]. The first commercial scale 250 tons per day CCER will be built in 2014 [68]. As compared to these techniques, physicochemical pretreatment is considered to be the most effective (Mankar et al. Miller S., Hester R. Concentrated acid conversion of pine softwood to sugars. Pretreatment: The key to unlocking low-cost cellulosic ethanol. endobj
Rigal L. Twin-screw extrusion technology and the fractionation of vegetable matter; Proceedings of the the CLEXTRAL Conference; Firminy, France. Screw configuration effects on starch breakdown during twin-screw extrusion of rice flour. These results were 3.9 and 13.3 times higher than the raw material. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. This paper will give an overview of extrusion pretreatment for bioethanol production with a special focus on twin-screw extruders. 2014 Sep;174(1):43-62. doi: 10.1007/s12010-014-1015-y. The maximum glucose, xylose, and combined sugar recovery were 90.5%, 81.5% and 88%, respectively, at the optimized conditions of 180 C barrel temperature, 118 rpm screw speed, 0.02 g/g (alkali/biomass), and particle size of 6 mm. The arrangement of different pitches, lengths, stagger angles, positions and spacings define a screw configuration, which is a main factor influencing the extent of mixing, product transportation, extrudate properties, mechanical energy input and residence time distribution during extrusion processing [24,25,26,27]. 1 0 obj
(2022). 2022 Mar 17;15(1):31. doi: 10.1186/s13068-022-02130-0. The fully intermeshing co-rotating extruders possess the channel, tip, lobal pools, apex and intermesh mixing regions that give rise to very high normal shear. The effect of different pretreatments on wheat Amongst the chemical pretreatment methods, alkali pretreat- straw, using chemicals; sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sulfuric acid ment is most effective with low lignin content biomass like agri- (H2SO4), combination of acid with alkali, calcium hydroxide cultural crop residues but becomes less effective . FOIA Bioengineering (Basel). Epub 2014 Jun 28. The site is secure. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. An average of 12.5% in lignin reduction was achieved from extrusion treated material. Characterisation of a Novel Acetyl Xylan Esterase (BaAXE) Screened from the Gut Microbiota of the Common Black Slug (, Investigating the Processing Potential of Ethiopian Agricultural Residue Enset/. Simulation and optimization of organosolv based lignocellulosic biomass refinery: A review. The main features of alkaline pretreatment are that it selectively removes lignin without degrading carbohydrates, and increases porosity and surface area, thereby enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis. PureVision Technology, Inc. [(accessed on 18 July 2013)]. Table 1 summarizes different kinds of extrusion pretreatments of lignocellulosic biomass on sugar yields. Alkaline twin-screw extrusion pretreatment for fermentable sugar production. None of the cellulosic ethanol from extrusion pretreatment technology has been commercialized to date, and uncertainties and limitations are unavoidable in the economic analysis and comparison of conversion technologies. Nitro Reader 2 (2. Kalyon D.M., Malik M. An integrated approach for numerical analysis of coupled flow and heat transfer in co-rotating twin screw extruders. Bhatia SK, Jagtap SS, Bedekar AA, Bhatia RK, Patel AK, Pant D, Rajesh Banu J, Rao CV, Kim YG, Yang YH. [32] evaluated a modified twin-screw extruder incorporated with a dedicated filtration device after steam explosion. Lignocellulose dissociation with biological pretreatment towards the biochemical platform: A review. As a result, 50% of theoretical glucose was achieved at a temperature of 130 C and 5 wt % in 25 min and 41% of the theoretical glucose was converted in three minutes at a temperature of 130 C with more concentrated acid conditions of 30 wt %. To date, various pretreatments have been developed, including liquid hot water pretreatment, dilute acid pretreatment, alkali-based pretreatment, . Consequently, 90.1%, 91.5% and 89.9% of glucose, xylose and combined sugar were recovered, respectively, at a barrel temperature of 90 C, a screw speed of 155 rpm, 0.2 g/g (alkali/biomass) with particle size of 4 mm. As such, pretreatment steps are required to make each fraction available for further use, with acidic, alkaline and combined acidic-alkaline treatments being the most common techniques. Biomass appears to be the only suitable and renewable primary energy source that can provide alternative liquid transportation fuels. Karunanithy and Muthukumarappan [49] also carried out pretreatments through a single screw extruder by varying different extruder parameters for maximum sugar recovery from switchgrass. A screw extruder is based around screw elements, including (1) forward screw elements, which principally transport bulk material with different pitches and lengths with the least degree of mixing and shearing effect; (2) kneading screw elements, which primarily exert a significant mixing and shearing effect with different stagger angles in combination with a weak forward conveying effect; and (3) reverse screw elements, designed with a reverse flight to push the material backward, which carries out extensive mixing and shearing effects [23]. As a result, 68.5% of surface area of the optimum pretreated big bluestem was increased compared to that of the control sample. 3. Zheng et al. Bookshelf The authors declare no conflict of interest. . Liu C., van der Heide E., Wang H.S., Li B., Yu G., Mu X.D. Consequently, 92% glucose was yielded, and 87% lignin and 95% xylan were removed under the optimal conditions of 39 min, 129 C, 0.69% catalyst and 28% MIBK. Alkali pretreatment can be performed at a lower temperature and pressure compared to other chemical pretreatment methods. The single screw extrusion process consists of an Archimedean screw in a fixed barrel. The .gov means its official. 1, temperature: 130 C, H2SO4 concentration: 5 wt %, reaction time: 25 min 2, temperature: 130 C, H2SO4 concentration: 30 wt %, reaction time: 3 min, Glucose: 50% for case 1 Glucose:41% for case 2. Microbial cellulose utilization: Fundamentals and biotechnology. The objective of the current study was to evaluate alkali treatment for lignin removal and potential of biogas yield of pretreated waste biomass compare to untreated one. The objective of this paper is to give an overview of the extrusion pretreatment along with the advances achieved in recent years that show a promising method for bioethanol production. Some articles have generally reviewed biomass pretreatment [14,15,16,17,18,19]; however, only a detailed review of extrusion pretreatment processes is missing in the current literature. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Yang B., Wyman C.E. A combination of extrusion in the presence of ionic liquids was performed [57]. . Lee et al. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Bioresour Technol. A worldwide annual production of 1 1010 metric tine (t) was estimated [6]. The ground corncobs were pretreated by steam explosion, and hemicelluloses were hydrolyzed largely to xylose. Bioresour Technol. Biodegradation of Gramineous Lignocellulose by. 2016 Aug;213:350-358. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.059. <>
Acidic pretreatments are known to be effective with lignocellulosic biomasses in reducing the hemicellulose content. endstream Gautam A., Choudhury G.S. Techno-economic analysis for each pretreatment technology. Moreover, based on the LCA assessment, US pretreatment compared to steam explosion has significant advantages in term of environmental 92 0 obj Chen Y., Sharma-Shivappa R.R., Keshwani D., Chen C. Potential of agricultural residues and hay for bioethanol production. [40] investigated two physical pretreatment methods, grinding and thermo-mechanical extrusion, on wheat bran and soybean hull. The PureVision Technology employs a modified continuous countercurrent extruder reactor (CCER) to rapidly fractionate biomass, such as corn stover and wheat straw, into xylose, lignin, and a digestible solid cellulose fraction that can be converted to glucose in minutes. Currently, ethanol is being produced from sugar-and starch-based materials such as sugarcane and corn, but its sustainability has been considerably debated [2]. eCollection 2022 Dec. Kulikova Y, Sukhikh S, Babich O, Yuliya M, Krasnovskikh M, Noskova S. Plants (Basel). Careers. eCollection 2022. An effective pretreatment should have the following criteria: reducing cost and minimizing energy requirements, preserving hemicellulose fractions (mainly pentose), avoiding the degradation of sugars and minimizing the formation of inhibitors for further fermentation steps, and recovery of lignin for valuable co-products productions [10]. However, in the current literature, various pretreatment approaches have been applied for the same kinds of biomass. Sun Y., Cheng J.Y. The Beta Renewables Company started the worlds first commercial cellulosic ethanol plant in Italy with a production capacity of 75 million liters in 2013. However, due to the varying types of biomass, efficient and economical methods need to be developed in a feedstock-specific manner; here, a few reports of quantitative economical analyses of data of different pretreatment technologies were discussed.
%PDF-1.4 Combined sugar: 45.2% for switchgrass Glucose: 61.4%, xylose: 84.3%, combined sugar: 65.8% for prairie cordgrass. Fundamental factors affecting biomass enzymatic reactivity. In addition, the dilute-acid pretreatment has the lowest product value of $1.36/LGE (liter of gasoline equivalent) among all pretreatments. Hamelinck C.N., Hooijdonk G.V., Faaij A.P.C. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Keywords: Pretreatments for delignification are required for the enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomasses. application/pdf Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine In contrast to a single screw extruder, the flights scrape the inside of the barrel, and at the same time, maintain a certain clearance between the barrel and screw. To procure a Water containing the impurities is then sent to WWT unit. Yoo et al. 2016 Aug;213:350-358. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.059. Front Microbiol. Effects of different kinds of extrusion pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass on sugar yields.
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