Threaded nipple can be further divided into hex nipple, barrel nipple, close nipple and welding nipple, its function is similar as coupling and union. These B16.9 Pipe Fittings is uses in various industries According to needs. 1 Comment / ASME Codes and Standards, Steel / By Sandeep Anand. These could be made out of different material grades and can be of different specifications. 5 flanges in the 150, 300, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500 pressure classes. This threaded pipe fitting also has reducing type. Digital products are restricted to one per purchase. ASME B16.5 Standard - Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings (NPS 1/2 Through NPS 24 Metric/Inch Standard) 1. ASME B16.11 is an American standard This Standard is allied with. The Standard is limited to flanges and flanged fittings made from cast or forged materials, and blind flanges and certain reducing flanges made from cast, forged, or plate materials. ASME/ANSI B16.34 - 1996 - Valves - Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End. The thread standard shall be taper pipe thread conforming to ASME B1.20.1. 7.4 Thread Engagement This Standard covers design, material, manufacturing, testing, marking, and inspection requirements for factory-made pipeline bends of carbon steel materials having controlled chemistry and mechanical properties, produced by the induction bending process, with or without tangents. ASME/ANSI B16.29 - 1994 - Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings (DWV). Butt welding pipe fittings manufactured in accordance with ASME B16.9 may be furnished with three types of welding ends depending on its nominal wall thickness, t:. B16.11 threaded pipe fittings, it is a tapered thread with 60angles. PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE RATINGS 3. ASME B16.11 is the standard for the forged steel fittings, including socket weld and threaded type. UNS S32750, S32950. The most common materials include ASTM A105, ASTM A182 F304, F316, F304L, F316L, and . This Standard is allied with ASME B16.18, which covers cast copper alloy pressure fittings. We don't collect information from our users. At least elbows, reducers, and tees are quite different. It is shorten as THD elbow sometimes. C to 38 deg. F (.29 deg. Terms of Use Replaceable fittings marked with ASME forging marks (A105, A182, A350, etc.) BSPT and BSPT belong to BSP threads, but they cannot use together. Email: info@octalpipefittings.com erosion, corrosion, and threaded depth for threaded pipe.). They are suitable for pipe system where welding is The relevant contents will be shown in below tables in this article. The Standard for cast iron drainage fittings used on self-aerating, one-pipe Solvent drainage systems, covers the following: (b) sizes and methods for designating openings for reducing fittings, ASME/ANSI B16.47 - 1996 - Large Diameter Steel Flanges: NPS 26 through NPS 60. B, API 5L X 42, X 46, X 52, X 60, X 65 & X 70. The standard covers only manually operated metallic valves in nominal pipe sizes 2 1/2 through 12 having the inlet and outlet on a common center line, which are suitable for controlling the flow of gas from open to fully closed, for use in distribution and service lines where the maximum gage pressure at which such distribution piping systems may be operated in accordance with the code of federal regulations (CFR), title 49, part 192, transportation of natural and other gas by pipeline; minimum safety standard, does not exceed 125 psi (8.6 bar). It is a short pipe with internal threaded at one end or both end. These fittings are designed for use with seamless copper tube conforming to ASTM B 306, Copper Drainage Tube (DWV), as well as fittings intended to be assembled with soldering materials conforming to ASTM B 32, or tapered pipe thread conforming to ASME B1.20.1. The types of pipe fittings ( differentiated by grade and specification) included in this standard is shown as below: Including socket weld fittings and threaded fittings size in NPS inch. This standard covers ratings, dimensions, tolerances,marking and material requirements for forged fittings, both socket-welding and threaded, as illustrated in Tables 4 through 7 and Il through I4, inclusive. MARKING 5. According to this standard, non-standard pipe fittings manufactured from other materials shall be marked in accordance with the agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, but the marking should not include the identification markings specified in 4.1.1(b) and 4.1.1(c) of this standard. better leap-proof than threaded fittings, threaded fittings are more prevalent We also produce custom size pipe tee as per design or drawing from our customers. ASME B16.9 Fittings Table of Contents What Is ASME B16.11 Union? These fittings are designed for use with seamless copper tube conforming to ASTM B 306, Copper Drainage Tube (DWV), as well as fittings intended to be assembled with soldering materials conforming to ASTM B 32, or tapered pipe thread conforming to ASME B1.20.1. In this article, we are going to discuss different ASME Codes for Piping System. ASME B16.5 limited to: We are a specialist manufacturer of pipe tee in size range of 1/2 to 48 in accordance with ASME B16.9. Requirements and recommendations regarding bolting and gaskets are also included. We supply a wide range of Buttweld ANSI B16.9 Pipe Fitting through a worldwide network of stock-keeping branches. Developed by the Nonmetallic Pressure Piping Systems (NPPS) Standards Committee, the standards address the unique design and construction requirements associated with nonmetallic pressure piping systems. A pipe tee can be manufactured in seamless, pipe welded or fabricated form. was {{activeProduct.CurrencySymbol}}{{ formatPrice(originalPrice) }}, {{activeProduct.CurrencySymbol}}{{ formatPrice(activeProduct.ListPriceSale) }} The Standard covers minimum requirements for Class 150 and 300 cast ductile iron pipe flanges and flanged fittings. (b) split or non continuous backing rings; (e) gas tungsten are welding (GTAW) of the root pass. Valve seats, seals and stem packing may be nonmetallic. Details of preparation for any backing ring must be specified in ordering the component. was {{activeProduct.CurrencySymbol}}{{ formatPrice(originalPrice) }}, {{activeProduct.CurrencySymbol}}{{ formatPrice(activeProduct.MemberPrice) }} Certain requirements also pertain to wrought or cast plugs, bushings, couplings, and caps. Nominal . Use tab to navigate through the menu items. India's Largest Supplier Of Forged Screwed / Threaded Pipe Fittings In Mumbai India. (b) split or non continuous backing rings; (e) gas tungsten are welding (GTAW) of the root pass. For reducing tee and cross, the largest run opening should be given first, followed by the opening size at the opposite end. Sch is the abbreviation of schedule, generally appearing in the American steel pipe standard, which is a prefix of a series number. Therefore this version remains in effect. ASME Pipes and Fittings Catalog - Metric.pcat. C to 38 deg. These gaskets are dimensionally suitable for used with flanges described in the reference flange standards ASME/ANSI B16.5, ASME B16.47, and API-6A. The standard covers tolerances, ratings, markings, testing and overall dimensions of buttweld fittings that are wrought in production type. The maximum pressure at which such distribution piping systems may be operated is in accordance with the Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) Title 49, Part 192, Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline; Minimum Safety Standards, for temperature ranges of .20 deg. We offer Comprehensive Range of Screwed / Threaded Pipe Fittings in SS 304/304L, SS 316/316L as per the international quality standards - ASME 16.11, MSS SP-79, 83, 95, 97, BS 3799, DIN2605, DIN2615, DIN2616, DIN2617, DIN28011, EN10253-1, EN10253-2 and are available at competitive prices This Standard pertains primarily to cast Class 125and Class 250 bronze threaded pipe fittings. The standard includes flanges with rating class designations 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500 in sizes NPS 1/2 through NPS 24, with requirements given in both metric and U.S units. The Standard applies to valves operated in a temperature environment between .20 degrees F and 150 degrees F (.29 degrees C and 66 degrees C). Forged pipe fittings is in high quality which with higher strength and could bear high pressure. threaded cap, hex nipple, bushing and plug. ASME/ANSI B16.14 - 1991 - Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings and Locknuts with Pipe Threads. SA 182: Forged Or Rolled Alloy And Stainless Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, And Valves And Parts For High-temperature Service. Standardized designations for flanges as per ASME B16.5 referenced in this standard are Class 150, 300, 600, 900, 1500 and 2500. According to the applicable situation, it can be divided into 2000, 3000, 6000 or 9000. Marcel Piping is well known manufacturer of ASME B16.11 Union, consists of three parts: a nut, a female end and a male end. Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! ASME/ANSI B16.42 - 1998 - Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Classes 150 and 300. This Standard was last reviewed and reaffirmed in {{activeProduct.ReaffirmationYear}}. ASME/ANSI B16.21 - 1992 - Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges. in Section 1.1.2 shall not be marked B16. Address: Flat 1506, 15/F, Lucky Center, No. This Standard for gray iron threaded fittings, Classes 125 and 250 covers: ASME/ANSI B16.5 - 1996 - Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings. If the pipe fitting is a tee, the branch pipe size is given last. which popular internationally. The concentricity tolerance of the opposing sockets should be within 0.06 inches (1.6 mm). (d) Sizes and Method of Designating Openings for Reducing Fittings, (a) welding neck flanges Classes 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500, (b) sizes and method of designating openings, (b) sizes and methods for designating openings for reducing fittings. The Standard covers the preparation of butt welding ends of piping components to be joined into a piping system by welding. This Standard covers face-to-face and end-to-end dimensions of straightway valves, and center-to face and center-to-end dimensions of angle valves. ASME/ANSI B16.9 Pipe Fittings are known to deliver exceptional performance and are generally developed for meeting the demands. This Standard covers: The Standard establishes specifications for cast copper alloy solder joint drainage fittings, designed for use in drain, waste, and vent (DWV) systems. COMPONENT SIZE 4. Certain requirements also pertain to wrought or cast plugs, bushings, couplings, and caps. The specification code for the fitting is the nominal diameter of thread or socket weld connection. These fittings are designated as Class 2000, 3000, and 6000 for threaded end fittings and Class 3000, 6000, and 9000 for socket-weld end fittings. to Curve A. Pipe Threads ___. (b) sizes and method of designating openings of reducing fittings, (b) size and method of designating openings of reducing fittings, (a) size and method of designating openings in reducing fittings. Also described as Class 2000, 3000, 6000 threaded end fittings and Class 3000, 6000, and 9000 for socket weld end fittings. Cleaning Multi-step cycling cleaning to ensure the cleanness of the pipe fittings and perfection of the passivated layer. Each fitting shall be permanently marked with the required identification by raised lettering and / or stamping, electro-etching, or vibro-tool marking on the collar portion, raised pad, or raised boss portion of the forging. Contact Our Professional Engineers for a FREE QUOTE. Avilable Type Of Forged Pipe Union Specification Of Socket Weld Union Fitting 2022 The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The schedule of pipe corresponding to each Class designation of fittings for rating purposes is shown in below table. ASME B16.11 is the standard for the forged steel fittings, including socket weld and threaded type. ASME B16.1/ASME B16.5 - Pipe Flanges and Fittings Package also supports pressure testing and is applicable to classes 25, 125, 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, and 1500 in sizes NPS 1/2 through NPS 24. 100% 100% found this document useful, Mark this document as useful. This Standard covers flanges (similar to those covered in ASME B16.5) that have orifice pressure differential connections. ASME Y32.2.3 - Graphic Symbols For Pipe Fittings, Valves And Piping ASME Y32.2.4 - Graphic Symbols For Heating, Ventilating And Air Conditioning ASME Y32.4 - Graphic Symbols for Plumbing Fixtures for Diagrams Used in Architecture & Building Construction ASME Y32.7 - Graphics Symbols for Railroad Maps and Profiles butt welded sch40 pipe fittings; asme b16.20 spiral wound gasket; asme b16.5 class 150; ansi asme b16.5 a105 flange; asme b16.5 class 150 flanges; asme b16.5 lap joint flange; asme b16.20 rtj flange gasket; ansi b16 9 elbow This Standard for threaded malleable iron unions, classes 150, 250, and 300, provides requirements for the following: ASME/ANSI B16.40 - 1985 (R1994) - Manually Operated Thermoplastic Gas. Meena Rezkallah. Its connection requires the help of sealant. Vibration and hazardous pipe system is not suit for threaded pipe fittings because they prone to be fatigue damaged. (h) face bevel discharge nozzles, input shafts, base plates, and foundation bolt holes (see Tables 1 and 2). Most of forged threaded fittings are specified The requirements covered are as follows: This Standard applies to new valve construction and covers quarter turn manually operated metallic valves in sizes NPS 1/2-2 which are intended for indoor installation as gas shutoff valves when installed in indoor gas piping between a gas meter outlet & the inlet connection to a gas appliance. WELLGREEN manufactured pipe fittings comply with ASME BPE standards. General This Standard covers requirements for manually operated metallic valves sizes NPS 1.2 through NPS 2, for outdoor installation as gas shut-off valves at the end of the gas service line and before the gas regulator and meter where the designated gauge pressure of the gas piping system does not exceed 125 psi (8.6 bar). Sales Policy This is also the pitch diameter at the gauge plane. Wafer or flange-less valves, bolted or through-bolt types, that are installed between flanges or against a flange shall be treated as flanged end valves. It includes requirements for welding bevels, for external and internal shaping of heavy-wall components, and for preparation of internal ends (including dimensions and tolerances). This standard for Cast Copper Alloy Fitting for Flared Copper Tubes covers: ASME/ANSI B16.28 - 1994 - Wrought Steel Butt-welding Short Radius Elbows and Returns. GOST Dimension Standards. ASME/ANSI B16.1 - 1998 - Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings. ANSI / ASME B16.11 Standard covers ratings, dimensions, tolerances, marking and material requirements for socket-welding and threaded forged fittings.These fittings are designated as Class 2000, 3000, and 6000 for threaded pipe fittings and Class 3000, 6000, and 9000 for socket weld fittings.B16.11 is to be used in conjunction with equipment described in . F (.29 deg. The other end of half coupling will weld to pipes. This standard covers spiral-wound metal gaskets and metal jacketed gaskets for use with raised face and flat face flanges. to 24 in. The requirements covered are as follows: (a) pressure-temperature ratings (b) sizes and method of designating openings of reducing fittings (c) marking (d) material (e) dimensions and tolerances (f) bolts, nuts, and gaskets (g) tests. Standard Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings ASME SA403 covers the standard for wrought austenitic stainless steel . This standard is allied with ASME B16.29, Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings - DWV. The standard for wrought copper and wrought copper alloy solder joint drainage fittings, designed for use with copper drainage tube, covers: General This Standard covers requirements for manually operated metallic valves sizes NPS 1.2 through NPS 2, for outdoor installation as gas shut-off valves at the end of the gas service line and before the gas regulator and meter where the designated gauge pressure of the gas piping system does not exceed 125 psi (8.6 bar). Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. The standard was initially developed by ASME, but it's been endorsed for use worldwide by ANSI. This resilient iron absorbs vibration, handles stress . {{activeProduct.CurrencySymbol}}{{ formatPrice(activeProduct.ListPrice) }} This threaded fittings has three outlets in same or different diameter. This standard has been developed for use on drawings. ANSI B16.11-2005-Forged Fittings,Socket Welding and Threaded. 11-16-2020 01:30 PM. The Standard applies to valves operated in a temperature environment between .20 degrees F and 150 degrees F (.29 degrees C and 66 degrees C). The standard measurement unit for linear dimensions is inches. Its connection requires the help of sealant. Its purpose is to assure installation interchangeability for valves of a given material, type size, rating class, and end connection, ASME/ANSI B16.11 - 2001 - Forged Steel Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded. NPS 1/8 ~ 4 inch corresponding to DN 6 ~100. asme-ansi-b16-standards-for-pipes-and-fittings 1/2 Downloaded from centeronaging.uams.edu on November 6, 2022 by Caliva e Murray Asme Ansi B16 Standards For Pipes And Fittings Bestselling Asme Ansi B16 Standards For Pipes And Fittings ebooks, help topics, and PDF articles to fit every aspect of your life. With these limits, it defines the minimum pipe wall thickness. 165-171 Wan Chai Road, Wan Chai, Hong Kong / Unit 2541, 25/F, Tower A, Wanda Plaza, Wenfeng District, Anyang, Henan, China It is also available in socket weld and buttweld end, pipe elbow and pipe tee as well. Also included in this Standard are requirements and recommendations regarding flange bolting, flange gaskets, and flange joints. TOLERANCES 8. If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. The ASME B16.5 - 1996 Pipe Flanges and Flange Fittings standard covers pressure-temperature ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking, testing, and methods of designating openings for pipe flanges and flanged fittings. The price of yearly membership depends on a number of factors, so final price will be calculated during checkout. Bushing and plug are only available in threaded type. ASME/ANSI B16.10 - 2000 - Face-to-Face and End-to-End Dimensions of Valves, This Standard covers face-to-face and end-to-end dimensions of straightway valves, and center-to face and center-to-end dimensions of angle valves. This Standard covers induction bends for transportation and distribution piping applications (e.g., ASME B31.4, B31.8, and B31.11) Process and power piping have differing requirements and materials that may not be appropriate for the restrictions and examinations described herein, and therefore are not included in this Standard. It includes requirements for welding bevels, for external and internal shaping of heavy-wall components, and for preparation of internal ends (including dimensions and tolerances). About ASME Digital Books (PDFs) Low Temperature Carbon Steel ASME B16.9 Buttweld . LITTLE P.ENG. In 2019 ASME responded to this phenomenon by reassigning A105 forged flanges and A216 grade WCB castings having wall thickness less than 2 in. Steel pipe schedule is a indicating method represented by ASME B 36.10, and also used in many other standards, marked with "Sch". Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. The standard covers ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances, mark- ing, testing, and methods of designating openings for pipe flanges and flanged fittings in sizes NPS (DN 15) through NPS 24 (DN 600) and in rating Classes 150, 300, 400, 600 . It provides requirements for fitting ends suitable for soldering. Details of preparation for any backing ring must be specified in ordering the component. Forged threaded pipe fittings can withstand ASTM A182 F51, F53, F55 / UNS S31803, S32205, S32550, S32750, S32950, UNS2200 (NICKEL 200) , UNS2201 (NICKEL 201 ) , UNS4400 (MONEL 400 ), UNS8825 (INCONEL 825) , UNS6600 (INCONEL 600 ) , UNS6601 (INCONEL 601) , UNS6625 (INCONEL 625) , UNS10276 (HASTELLOY C 276), UNS NO. This Standard also covers flanged. The schedule range covers 5S to Schedule 160. NPS is related to the reference nominal diameter, DN, used in international standard. Since December 1978,the American national standards committee B31 was reorganized as the ASME code for pressure piping B31 committee under procedures developed by the ASME and accredited by ANSI. The marking of bushing and plugs is not required by this standard. This standard is allied with ASME B16.29, Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings - DWV. to 12 in. for Engineering Services is ready to help you across Canada, USA and Arabian Gulf Area. These gaskets are dimensionally suitable for used with flanges described in the reference flange standards ASME/ANSI B16.5, ASME B16.47, and API-6A. Traceability The fittings in Section 1.1.1 shall be marked in accordance with the ASME Pipe Fitting Specification (eg "WP_") or the symbol "B16" to indicate compliance with this standard. Threaded elbow is used to connect pipe and change the directions of flow in 90 degree or 45 degree. Save Save ASME Fittings Standard For Later. Threaded pipe fittings refer to pipe fittings connect with pipes by internal or external threads and their dimensions are no more than 4 inch in most cases. Design This Standard sets forth the minimum capabilities, characteristics, and properties, which a valve at the time of manufacture must possess, in order to be considered suitable for use in gas piping systems. ASME B16.1/ASME B16.5 - Pipe Flanges and Fittings Package includes: Privacy and Security Statement This Standard covers spiral-wound metal gaskets and metal-jacketed gaskets for use with . This Spacing chart is a kind of general guideline that gives an idea about spacing requirements. This standard applies to new valve construction and covers pressure-temperature ratings, dimensions, tolerances, materials, nondestructive examination requirements, testing, and marking for cast, forged, and fabricated flanged, threaded, and welding end, and wafer or flangeless valves of steel, nickel-base alloys, and other alloys shown in Table 1. Alleima holds a large stock of stainless and duplex steel butt welding fittings according to ANSI/ASME. This Standard for threaded malleable iron fittings Classes 150, and 300 provides requirements for the following: (b) size and method of designating openings of reducing fittings, ASME/ANSI B16.4 - 1998 - Cast Iron Threaded Fittings. Also described as Class 2000, 3000, 6000 threaded end fittings and Class 3000, 6000, and 9000 for socket weld end fittings. Most Common Indusctris are: ASME B16 standard includes the pipes and fittings material in cast iron, cast bronze, wrought copper and steel. Customary units with diameter of bolts and flange bolt holes expressed in inch units; They can be used for cast iron pipe 7.3 Standards. DIMENSIONS 7. ASME B16.18, which covers cast copper alloy pressure fittings. Forgings, bars, seamless pipe or tubes can be used to make pipe fittings. Design temperature and other service condition shall be limited as provided by the applicable piping code or regulation for the material of construction of the fitting. The Standard covers pressure-temperature ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking, and testing for operating line blanks in sizes NPS 1/2 through NPS 24 for installation between ASME B16. All rights reserved. Sorry, we only have available spots for this course. ASME/ANSI B16.9 - 2001 - Factory-Made Wrought Steel Butt-welding Fittings. This standard covers pressure-temperature ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking, testing, and methods of designating openings for pipe flange and flanged fittings. Coverage is limited to the following: (a) welding neck flanges Classes 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500, Orifice, Nozzle and Venturi Flow Rate Meters, ASME/ANSI B16.38 - 1985 (R1994) - Large Metallic Valves for Gas Distribution. Which regulates the design, material selection, inspection, test, and safety of the Piping systems for all the applications. Then use machining process to make a forged steel fittings. 1.4462. These valves are suitable for use below ground in thermoplastic distribution mains and service lines. This Standard covers design, material, manufacturing, testing, marking, and inspection requirements for factory-made pipeline bends of carbon steel materials having controlled chemistry and mechanical properties, produced by the induction bending process, with or without tangents. This standard covers materials, dimensions, tolerances, and markings for metal ring-joint gaskets, spiral-wound metal gaskets, and metal jacketed gaskets and filler material. The ASME B16.9 standard covers all dimensions, tolerances, ratings, testing, and marking for factory-made wrought butt-welding fittings in sizes NPS 1/2 through NPS 48 [DN 15 through DN 1200]. Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. high pressure up to class 6000, however, due to socket weld fittings have The Standard is limited to flanges and flanged fittings made from cast or forged materials, and blind flanges and certain reducing flanges made from cast, forged, or plate materials. This Standard for threaded malleable iron unions, classes 150, 250, and 300, provides requirements for the following: The Standard covers manually operated thermoplastic valves in nominal sizes 1.2 through 6 (as shown in Table 5). ASME/ANSI B16.45 - 1998 - Cast Iron Fittings for Solvent Drainage Systems. 2022 The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. This standard applies to new valve construction and covers pressure-temperature ratings, dimensions, tolerances, materials, nondestructive examination requirements, testing, and marking for cast, forged, and fabricated flanged, threaded, and welding end, and wafer or flange-less valves of steel, nickel-base alloys, and other alloys shown in Table 1. This Standard covers overall dimensions, tolerances, ratings, testing, and markings for wrought factory-made butt-welding fittings in sizes NPS 1/2 through 48 (DN 15 through 1200). F to 100 deg. We will reply you in 2 hours during support time! This threaded pipe fitting has male and female threads to connect pipes together. GOST Flanges. Alternatives the designation 2M, 3M, 6M or 9M may also be used depending on the application, where M is 1000. Connect these fittings to thick-wall plastic pipe they have thicker, stronger walls than standard-wall fittings, so they can handle heavy duty industrial plumbing and water supply applications, such as water processing, waste water treatment, and irrigation.
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